…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains multifactorial, reflecting interactions between patient related, lesion related, device related, and procedural factors…

…vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age…

…complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a…

…diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and access site complications Radial and femoral access Radial access is generally…

…intima, and thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis is therefore not simply a disorder of lipid storage. Its biology includes: accumulation and modification of lipids within the intima…

…vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular…

…to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia/infarction in the conduction system, one must be familiar with the vascular supply to these components…

…identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window, or when thrombectomy…

…test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the matter on its own. Practice differs between regions and departments; a palpable ulnar…

…than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both…

…also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged…

…with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation rather than by diabetes alone. The source material does not provide a detailed symptom…

…but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot be identified reliably by radiography. Assessment should include consideration of associated vascular disease…

…presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial…

…sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may have severe fixed coronary obstruction. Such patients can have a mixed syndrome…

…Compared with classic type A dissection, aortic regurgitation, pulse deficits, and malperfusion are less frequent in type A IMH. IMH is classified anatomically according to…

…as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with…

…bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus, as well as to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications can be fatal…

…Mitral regurgitation Causes of mitral regurgitation The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in high income countries is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus…

…angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by…

…when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs…

…S: Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74 years (1 point) Sc: Sex category…

…or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since…

Hydralazine Hydralazine is not preferred for hypertensive emergencies due to the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ®…

…action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell…

…atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly…

…therefore recommended in the vascular assessment. A carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic sensitivity…

…tolerated guideline directed therapy, or when recurrent cardiovascular events occur despite such treatment. The trials did not establish a mortality benefit. Consequently, the decision to…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to the evaluation of patients requiring…

…of patients. Evaluation and clinical assessment Clinical factors influencing treatment selection The following characteristics favour CABG when clinically and anatomically appropriate: Diabetes mellitus, particularly with…

…It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease, chronic lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions…

…4] . These macrophages express scavenger receptors (e.g., SR A, CD36) that, unlike the classic LDL receptor, are not downregulated by intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Consequently…

…Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but typical claudication, the…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular bed leads to renal and mesenteric vasodilatation. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine…

Procedurer A dislocation is reduced with muscle relaxation, not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail…

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

…or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since…

…vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does not…

…renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the…

…acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

…concerns patients with established vascular disease, in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

…more complex. Older adults, often defined in cardiovascular practice as those older than 75 years, are not a homogeneous population: biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, sarcopenia…

…and preventive implications even when stenosis is not flow limiting. CCTA should be distinguished from coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring. CAC imaging is a rapid…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…of ISR is neointimal hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent…

…hypertrophy). The following rules will distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts the electrical axis to the right…

…may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater…

…1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of ACS presentations in young and middle aged women. The…

…anxiety, and a sense of impending doom. When pain begins during exertion, it does not usually subside with cessation of activity, distinguishing it from angina…

…ischemia. Indeed, it may be so efficient that a total occlusion in the main artery may not lead to infarction due to the collaterals. Occasionally…

…or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure (pre load), since…