…cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking…

…syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and apoC III…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…age related vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases…

…bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis…

…injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and potassium abnormalities and commonly…

…multiple vascular territories, including the renal, carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of…

…coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease…

…contraction and relaxation. Structural and vascular consequences Common structural consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may…

…is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities…

…PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively…

…for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis Deviation (RAD) RAD holds significant diagnostic weight in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular and right heart pathology…

…vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is often accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output. Although these changes are usually of…

…period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities can produce a transient and reversible mismatch…

…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to potentially reversible causes and associated cardiovascular conditions, including coronary syndromes, valvular disease…

…on the magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities…

…valvular calcification, and, in some cases, fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and…

…ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy…

…for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation ( Table 1 ). CHADS VASc Score Risk of ischemic stroke Risk för stroke/TIA/systemisk…

…biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris. The rapid reduction of…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease, chronic lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions…

…Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic…

…diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the…

…in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular…

…surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury…

…peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…perfusion may be compromised. Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion…

…Thromboxane A2 promotes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be…

…waves ( Figure 2 shows right ventricular hypertrophy). The following rules will distinguish the two conditions in the vast majority of cases: Right ventricular hypertrophy shifts…

…of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular…

…Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Age and sex…

…because longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…