…T2DM with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes…

…heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel…

…type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction…

…a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

…possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure…

…diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]. Diabetic ketoacidosis…

…or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always, including while fasting. Many with type 2 Mealtime insulin (rapid acting) Covers…

…production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia…

…are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease may also present without prominent discomfort through heart failure, arrhythmias…

…statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP…

…diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease…

…among patients with HFPEF, as compared with patients with HFREF. Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced…

…among patients with HFPEF, as compared with patients with HFREF. Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced…

…1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes…

…of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity. The increased use of computed tomography (CT), and improvements in CT techniques, have increased…

…Assessment 1. History: duration, previous ulcers, DVT, varicose veins, claudication, diabetes, smoking, character of the pain. 2. Measure and trace the ulcer; photograph it with…

…left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to end systole). 1 Hypokinesia Reduced thickening…

… severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as…

…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of Qp/Qs 1. Measurement of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view…

…AV node in Mobitz type 1 block can be viewed as a tendency to exhaust the conduction capacity. It starts with the successful conduction of…

…while chronic myocardial injury may be seen in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, and severe valvular heart disease. Type 2 MI and non ischaemic myocardial injury may…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…also referred to as 1st degree AV block, AV block I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts…

…interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type…

…generally with ezetimibe where appropriate. Established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are principal settings in which these drugs have received approval. In chronic…

…Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker…

…of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

…V5 is absent. It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for…

…< 120 ms with a delta wave and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative…

…Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with…

…associated with in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI…

…This may be confused with right bundle branch block. Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block…

…which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third degree AV blocks. Readers already familiar with the basics of AV blocks can…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…arteries and arterial territories The two main coronary arteries emanate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right…

…chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with…

…diffuse disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is…

…UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now recognized as micro infarctions (NSTEMI) [8] . Type 1 vs. Type 2 Myoca

…from second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) is uncommon. However, second degree AV block Mobitz type 2 frequently progresses to third degree…

…et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with intermediate offset kinetics Ajmaline, Cibenzoline…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with intermediate offset kinetics Ajmaline, Cibenzoline…

…antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace. Figure…

…lines, then all velocities in the area can be presented with colors. The brighter the color, the higher the velocity. As shown in Figure 1…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the stimulation artifact (Figure 1)…

…is based on total left ventricular mass, which can be calculated by obtaining the measurements shown in Figure 1. The ultrasound system automatically calculates RWT…

…distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction: acute myocardial…

…block II, type 1 (Wencheback block) PR interval is gradually prolonged until one atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the AV node. Generally not…

…Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) Pauses up to 4 seconds in patients with atrial fibrillation. Bradycardia in atrial fibrillation (bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome) Individuals with sick…

…Type 1 second degree sinoatrial block. Second degree sinoatrial (SA) block type 2 In type 2 second degree sinoatrial block impulses are blocked sporadically (without…

…check the sample type, supplemental oxygen, sampling technique, air bubbles and analytical delay, and compare with the electrolyte panel Rapid classification pH pCO₂ HCO₃ Likely…