…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…Plasma glucose before insulin. Creatine kinase in suspected rhabdomyolysis. Phosphate, urate and lactate dehydrogenase in suspected tumour lysis syndrome. A digoxin level when toxicity i

…are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas. Papillary fibroelastoma Papillary fibroelastoma is benign primary tumors affecting adults. These tumors most often…

…occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deep structures. Lacunar stroke results in five classical lacunar syndromes, namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis …

…Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis after…

…pericardial effusion and tamponade. Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium…

…congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is virtually always accompanied by…

…prominent incisors, a small chin, tumour, an irradiated neck E valuate 3 3 2 3 fingerbreadths of mouth opening, 3 fingerbreadths from chin to hyoid…

…subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal pathology: tumour, abscess, marked swelling…

…tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome…

…shock, impaired consciousness or pulmonary oedema. Treat the arrhythmia first. Known stricture or tumour of the nose, pharynx or oesophagus. Oesophageal varices. Recent surgery of…

…next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain…