…Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom…

…Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves, fenestrated drape; full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with…

…system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel, a bite block, and powerful suction with wide bore tubing. Working…

…is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital…

…other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false positive burden is substantial. Alternative modalities…