…functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure…

…Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine); approximates fraction of normal maximal flow preserved by the stenosis…

…on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in preload (e.g by increasing venous return to the…

…7 : Significant right to left shunt (e.g., Eisenmenger syndrome). Qp/Qs ≈ 1 : Normal, no significant shunt. Clinical Relevance of Shunt Fraction Diagnosis of Shunt…

…Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent several clinically distinct trajectories…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…shortening correlates strongly with ejection fraction. Similar to ejection fraction, fractional shortening is affected by preload and afterload. It possible to calculate fractional shortening using…

…chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM 1) a

…a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40% [14, 26, 27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic…

…from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age, sex, renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…5]. Unexplained LV hypertrophy (LVH) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at hospitalization warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with…

…single value Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Normal echocardiographic values Measurement Women Men : : : Left ventricular ejection fraction 54–74% 52–72% Left ventricle…

…Regurgitation fraction (%) < 30 30 49 49 Miscellaneous parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PW Doppler mitral valve A dominant variable high E values…

…has proven persistently resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced…

…flow appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may…

…lowering agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction …

…function and prognosis by restoring perfusion to viable dysfunctional myocardium while preventing further ischemic events. However, the presumed relationship between viability, recovery of ejection fraction…

…sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the…

…stress, allowing comparison between myocardial blood flow states. MPI is used principally to: Diagnose and quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar…

… LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter; The fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D…

…and ejection fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided…

…of ventricular function. Impaired diastolic function (i.e diastolic dysfunction ) may lead to diastolic heart failure (i.e heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFPEF …

…fibers results in longitudinal, radial and circumferential shortening (contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction (EF), fractional sorting (FS), etc —…

…0.29 0.29 Regurgitation volume (ml/beat) < 30 30 59 59 Regurgitation fraction (%) < 30 30 49 49 EROA = (CSA v)/v…

…to hand. Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, 25 G…

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…Left ventricular function (ejection fraction) Women Men Normal Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD Endocardial fractional…

…creatinine clearance, and left ventricular ejection fraction, enhancing its utility in clinical practice. Future Directions Ongoing research aims to refine the SYNTAX Score further. For…

…withdrawal of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may lead to clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e.g.…

…patients with left ventricular dysfunction, though those with depressed ejection fraction should receive it with great caution due to the risk of hypotension. Peripheral IV

…reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving anginal symptoms, while maintaining tolerability and adherence. Selection should be individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function…

…Social support and practical barriers to participation Occupational and sporting goals Current pharmacological treatment Early assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is recommended before hospital…

…preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility…

…States. In the United States, approximately one in four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart…

…and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or a CRT D is indicated to prevent SCD [15…

…mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly…

…CTOs are common among patients undergoing coronary angiography, with reported prevalence ranging from 18% to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery…

…precapillary pulmonary vascular component. PAWP is used to distinguish pulmonary venous hypertension caused by left heart disease from pulmonary vascular disease. Although a PAWP of…

…Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients…

…condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its…

…fibers) increases while the contractile function worsens. Chronic aortic regurgitation also leads to increasing LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and…

…predisposition) interact to trigger ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary from second to second (e.g…

…intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications, which may require specific treatments. Such complications include heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias (eg…

…cardiomyopathies ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy, tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to…

…objects some of the sound waves are reflected back to the sound source. If the reflector (i.e the object reflecting the sound waves) is…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…left ventricular volume is reduced, which means that the ejection fraction (EF) must increase to produce sufficient stroke volumes ( Figure 1 ). Although the ventricular volume…

…ejection fraction is that it only assesses systolic function . Research in recent years has demonstrated that left ventricular diastolic function is also fundamental to global…

…implantation of ICDs [implantable cardioverter defibrillator]). Our inability to predict cardiac arrest is evident in many ways. Some examples follow: Modern ICDs are capable of…

…can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor than the ventricular rate. The longer the duration…

…associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements, or underlying channelopathies (e.g., Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of…

…ventricular function. Individuals with reduced left ventricular function (e.g. defined as ejection fraction <40 %) are at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Idiopathic ventricular…