…functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure…

…Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine); approximates fraction of normal maximal flow preserved by the stenosis…

…on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in preload (e.g by increasing venous return to the…

…7 : Significant right to left shunt (e.g., Eisenmenger syndrome). Qp/Qs ≈ 1 : Normal, no significant shunt. Clinical Relevance of Shunt Fraction Diagnosis of Shunt…

…Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent several clinically distinct trajectories…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…shortening correlates strongly with ejection fraction. Similar to ejection fraction, fractional shortening is affected by preload and afterload. It possible to calculate fractional shortening using…

…chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g., VCAM 1) a

…a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40% [14, 26, 27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic…