Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

…renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies…

…the latter term has been deprecated. The left bundle branch is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1) the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle , which delivers the…

…to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…ICDs implanted for reduced LVEF never deliver an appropriate shock, so the false positive burden is substantial. Alternative modalities — cardiac MRI, long term ambulatory monitoring…

…and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Procedurer Lathundar Electrical cardioversion is the delivery of a precisely regulated electrical shock to terminate a tachyarrhythmia, and it encompasses both synchronized…

…should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani et al…

…MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or…

…than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and…

…node dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or…

…and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart Team Collaboration : Facilitates discussions between interventional cardiologists and…

…1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low short term risk, lifetime benefit should be considered and discussed. Where…

…The term ischemia was coined in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood…

…Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed below) have a 3 year…

…the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life…

…less pronounced on the treadmill. Leg fatigue is, as compared with chest pain and dyspnea, a poor predictor of cardiovascular and all cause mortality. However…

…progress to more advanced block (second or third degree AV block). A pacemaker is often necessary in individuals with first degree AV block and wide…

…differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested that the term atrial abnormality be used instead of enlargement. Atrial enlargement/abnormality often…

…should expand substantially. This requires that the myocardium has high compliance , a term used to describe myocardial elasticity. The greater the compliance, the more rapid…

…Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular…

…in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own…

…pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy, usually retinal haemorrhages…

…after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey…

…bursa The effect is chiefly short term Lateral epicondylitis At the extensor origin Consider withholding it; the long term outcome is worse Medial epicondylitis At…

…often recommended for PCI, while those with high scores (≥33) are typically advised to undergo CABG due to better long term outcomes. Intermediate scores (23…

…central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients after…

…with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

…of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…within 48–72 hours of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent…

…cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is an umbrella term that also includes post pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions…

…plateau phase. These two factors are the reason why the ST segment is flat and isoelectric (i.e in level with the baseline). Displacement of…

…reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina…

…cardioembolic strokes associated with AF are typically larger, present with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of mortality and long term disability compared…

…tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node" instead of "nodal". AVNRT should not be confused with AVRT…

…very low among most patients with early repolarization. Difference between relative and absolute risk Readers not familiar with the terms absolute and relative risk may…

…For instance, administering nitroglycerin to alleviate ischemic chest pain may lead to hemodynamic collapse in patients with right ventricular ischemia or infarction. Recognizing ECG signs…

…if there is also myocarditis (which is frequent), it is common to use the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial…

…Ezzati et al, Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is…

…Both methods may be used in the acute setting, whereas long term management only includes pacemaker therapy. Treatment of AV block in the acute setting…

…a very high density of capillaries. The muscle fibers are organized into several sheets that wrap around the ventricle with varying orientation. As explained below…

…from myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardial tissue) and because they tend to accompany each other, the term perimyocarditis is often used. Image by Bruce Blausen…

…the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop strategies and tools for long term prevention of cardiac arrest. Unfortunately…

…of the PR interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct, resulting in a dropped QRS complex. Second degree AV block…

…exhibit ST segment elevations, but the condition should be managed as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in terms of treatment and interventions. As discussed previously…

…research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents…

…can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability …

…Left ventricular pressure volume relationship can be described by a loop diagram with volume depicted on the x axis and left ventricular pressure on the…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…loud with the team, not in your head. Functioning suction within reach under the pillow or by the right shoulder. A reservoir mask with a…

…silicone for nutrition, since it causes less mucosal irritation with longer term use. A water soluble lubricant, preferably with a local anaesthetic, and a decongestant…

…the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and…

…disease. Alcohol also increases the rise in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term heavy consumption can produce a cardiomyopathy, although…

…are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates best with total cumulative dose—may be a better predictor of long term tolerability. Hemodynamic Effects Amiodarone…

…Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much…