…months and an ICD within the preceding 6 months. Remote monitoring may be used for these assessments. More immediate interrogation and reprogramming are warranted in…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact…

…and potential future refinements underscore its enduring relevance in cardiology. By combining anatomical and clinical data, it continues to support heart teams in delivering persona

…designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g.…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…is not compatible with a DCD process. The assessment of medical suitability is made by the transplant team. Never rule out a possible donor on…

…a small chin, tumour, an irradiated neck E valuate 3 3 2 3 fingerbreadths of mouth opening, 3 fingerbreadths from chin to hyoid, 2 fingerbreadths…

…with MVD. Patients with ACS and shock should be transferred promptly to a tertiary centre with appropriate expertise and a dedicated multidisciplinary Shock Team. Evaluation…

…scanners, generally including 64 slice technology or above An experienced imaging team Prospective ECG triggered axial acquisition has reduced radiation exposure compared with earlier techniques…

…also protect against future proximal disease progression, while stents do not prevent the development of new proximal atherosclerosis. The choice between procedures therefore depends on…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction…

…than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and…

…node dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or…

…It is frequently clinically silent, which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long term control. The treatment objective is individualized blood…

…traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a…

…appears to act through a redistribution of blood from non ischemic to ischemic myocardium (i.e an increase in blood flow in the ischemic area…

…while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed…

…types of cardiomyopathies ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy, tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM…

…the exercise stress test. Indeed, clinicians often use the term exercise ECG instead of the correct term exercise stress test . However, the ECG is only…

…block Fascicular blocks were previously referred to as hemiblocks, but the latter term has been deprecated. The left bundle branch is subdivided into the following…

…to Introduction to AV Blocks). The term block is somewhat imprecise in the context of first degree AV block, as it does not represent a…

…differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested that the term atrial abnormality be used instead of enlargement. Atrial enlargement/abnormality often…

…a term used to describe myocardial elasticity. The greater the compliance, the more rapid and pronounced the relaxation (i.e the stretching of myocardial fibers…

…may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of…

…patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in which immediate, controlled blood pressure…

…after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning cortisol in the grey…

…bursa The effect is chiefly short term Lateral epicondylitis At the extensor origin Consider withholding it; the long term outcome is worse Medial epicondylitis At…

…cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula…

…ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red)…

…and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of…

…complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account…

…Long term prognosis is influenced particularly by: Resting left ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular…

…Historically referred to as coronary thrombosis, the term myocardial infarction ultimately prevailed. The need for a standardized global definition led to early efforts by the…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…within 48–72 hours of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent…

…a dissecting haematoma may precede rupture. The tear commonly develops at the interface between infarcted and viable myocardium. The incidence has fallen substantially with contemporary…

…cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is an umbrella term that also includes post pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions…

…plateau phase. These two factors are the reason why the ST segment is flat and isoelectric (i.e in level with the baseline). Displacement of…

…myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional term “vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid…

…safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g., intravenous midazolam, propofol…

…larger, present with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of mortality and long term disability compared to non cardioembolic ischemic strokes. Consequently, the…

…Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node" instead of "nodal"…

…believed that early repolarization was a benign condition, which is why the term benign early repolarization was coined. This notion was overturned in 2008 when…

…coronary artery occlusion is located. The term culprit – which means "the guilty one" – is used to denote the occluded coronary artery. In the majority of…

…causes hemodynamic effects. Electrical alternans – i.e the beat to beat variation i electrical amplitude – is the ECG hallmark of cardiac tamponade. Causes of pericardial…

…cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term essential . However…

…order to evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management…

…prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium (hence the term subendocardial infarction ). Myocardial infarctions affecting only the subendocardium are…

…accompany each other. Therefore, the term perimyocarditis is often used in clinical practice (this article will use all three terms interchangeably). The etiology, clinical characteristics…

…the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop strategies and tools for long term prevention of cardiac arrest. Unfortunately…

…However, the Wenckebach phenomenon may also occur in sinoatrial (SA) block which is why the term should not be used specifically for AV blocks. Mobitz…