…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre…

…most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis Child–Pugh Parameter 1 point 2…

…and makes it visible even when it lies buried in the QRS complex or the T wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in…

Echocardiography Structure and contractile function of myocardial fibers The left ventricular wall can be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen…

…laboratory medicine Definition and structure Lipoprotein(a), abbreviated Lp(a), is an LDL like circulating lipoprotein particle. It contains one molecule of apolipoprotein B covalently…

…organ structure and function. Ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, has become a standard tool for clinicians worldwide (Narula et al). This chapter discusses the principles of…

…ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and…

…Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of the myocardial syncytium. Note the branched cell structure and the connections between the cells. The cardiac action potential The action…

…This is of utmost importance when assessing myocardial structure, perfusion and wall motion. Cardiac planes All imaging modalities define, orient and display the heart using…