…only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action…

…with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension.

…Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand…

…Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand…

…challenging to pump blood into the aorta. The most common causes are hypertension (in which the pressure in the aorta is increased) and aortic stenosis…

…due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart, this can lead to thickening of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular…

…aortic stenosis, there is increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension…

…STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely because most such occlusions result in prehospital cardiac arrest and death…

…19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin [19]. ATTR Amyloidosis: This form…

…acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac…

…or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…which is due to the low sensitivity of the method (details below). Sensitivity and specificity are considerably higher for CT angiography, SPECT, echocardiography, and coronary…

…acute phase – due to risk of arrhythmias Severe aortic stenosis – due to risk of syncope, ischemia, and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep…

…concomitant valvular disease (e.g mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to…

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P wave…

…extreme axis deviation Extreme axis deviation is rare. It is most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS…

…been excluded. Causes of extreme axis deviation Rare. Most likely due to misplaced limb electrodes. If the rhythm is tachycardia with wide QRS complexes, then…

…and blood pressure, thereby simulating the effects of exercise. However, dobutamine is rarely used in current practice due to its less favorable safety profile and…

…relatively difficult to examine, which is due to the location of the ventricle in the thorax. It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus…

…reason, R wave peak time may also be prolonged. This prolongation may also be due to myocardial fibrosis which is typical in hypertrophy. Finally, the…

…The Bernoulli principle can be used to calculate pressure gradients across valvular stenoses and regurgitations. The equation is agnostic to the direction of the blood…

…increased resistance (due to mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which enhances its contribution to the P wave…

…left ventricular hypertrophy . This allows the left ventricle to generate greater pressure, thereby overcoming the resistance in the stenosis and maintaining adequate stroke volumes. Thus…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis hinders atrial emptying. This results in an increase in left atrial pressure (LAP), which gradually leads to atrial hypertrophy and dilation…

…reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure…

…or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics…

…myocardium, severe baseline stenosis, multivessel coronary artery disease, and diffuse disease increase the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or flow is severely compromised…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only…

…resolution. Iodinated contrast is generally required for coronary angiography because the intrinsic contrast between the cardiac chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA…

…more likely to affect flow because they supply a larger myocardial territory. The response of the coronary circulation reflects both epicardial stenosis and the coronary…

…a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA is not a definitive disease diagnosis. It is a descriptive and provisional…

…18% to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are…

…disinfection. Allow it to air dry completely before puncture. Maximal barrier precautions: cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large full body drape. Lidocaine…

…Turn the head 45° to the right. 3. Support the head and lay the patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately…

…Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full…

…stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and…

…3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and no risk factors Mechanical mitral valve 2.5–3.5 Never switch to a DOAC Antiphospholipid syndrome…

…the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…to PCI. Stent selection must nevertheless be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and…

…findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include…

…has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to recurrent angina caused by disease in the treated…

…these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology, identify occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention …

…and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the…

…and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those…

…contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular…

…in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial…

…rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins in the subendocardium, which contributes substantially to…

…transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc…

…early in life and a family history of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of…

…precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis Moderate to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias…

…is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets…

…where vascular smooth muscle constricts or dilates in response to changes in intraluminal pressure. Coronary blood flow is also influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic influences…

…the investigator to calculate the area of stenoses and regurgitations. Such area estimations are fundamental in the management of valvular conditions, such as aortic stenosis…

…or stenosis. If the ischemia persists for 20 minutes, myocardial infarction ensues, resulting in permanent wall motion abnormalities. Figure 1. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature…