…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension. Suspected nocturnal hypertension or absent nocturnal dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug…

…systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden. Obesity may…

…hypoperfusion (assess skin temperature, color, sweat). Table 1. Initial evaluation of bradycardia according to ABCDE. Symptoms of bradycardia Bradycardia may be an incidental and asymptomatic…

…or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural…

…to 12 months. Use with caution in patients at risk for bradycardia (slow heart rate). Central sleep apnea, including Cheyne Stokes respiration, has been reported…

…tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the…

…and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor, particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid…

…smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and…

…for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (2 points), reduced neck mobility (1 point)…

…delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not a diagnostic requirement. Hallucinations, usually visual, disturbed sleep rhythm…

…This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms…

…limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia (SB) is considered a normal finding in the following circumstances: During sleep . Well trained…

…of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period, according to the local protocol Psychiatric symptoms Sleep disturbance, hypomania…

…1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result. 1. Assess and stabilise the airway…

…pharmacodynamic effects. We provide a direct PubMed search for each drug and we recommend the reader to use this link to assess the literature. Medical…

…for symptom provocation; or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not…

…from sleep. Patients receiving modified antiplatelet therapy require clinical surveillance for both recurrent ischemia and bleeding. The source material does not specify a symptom based…

…diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and hospitalization…

…pattern of angina, with increasing frequency or severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with vital signs, a 12…

…used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…disturbances Hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia. Hypercalcemia. Benign causes Well trained athletes display bradycardia at rest. Bradycardia during sleep is considered normal. Tricyclic antidepressants : amitriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine, (Norpramin…

…slow rhythm directed by the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal…

…atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles, resulting in some P waves not being followed by QRS complexes. This condition is further categorized into two…

…abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length…

…useful for estimating risk. Pathophysiology and genetic principles Penetrance and variable expression A pathogenic variant does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete…

…between the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50 mm/s to 100 mm/s (Figure…

…0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S…

…0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S…

…ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The ultrasound image misrepresents the echogenicity of structures…

…limit for ventricular compliance. The greater the left ventricular compliance, the less steep the slope of the EDPVR curve, and vice versa . ESPVR (End Systolic…