…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension. Suspected nocturnal hypertension or absent nocturnal dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug…

…systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden. Obesity may…

…hypoperfusion (assess skin temperature, color, sweat). Table 1. Initial evaluation of bradycardia according to ABCDE. Symptoms of bradycardia Bradycardia may be an incidental and asymptomatic…

…or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural…

…to 12 months. Use with caution in patients at risk for bradycardia (slow heart rate). Central sleep apnea, including Cheyne Stokes respiration, has been reported…

…tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the…

…and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy. Concurrent MAO inhibitor, particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid…

…smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and…

…for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (2 points), reduced neck mobility (1 point)…