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Joint aspiration

…approach is preferable: it passes through muscle without major vessels or nerves, and the landmark — the posterior corner of the acromion — is easy to palpate…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…book is not the one making it simple In the thrilling and ever evolving field of medicine, a question echoes in the hallways of hospitals…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…medium for most adults, long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with…

Urinary alkalinisation

…equipment for arterial sampling. Urinary catheter with hourly urine output measurement — the treatment cannot be guided without reliable measurement of urine output. Baseline tests: blood…

Ejection fraction (EF): Physiology, Measurement & Clinical Evaluation

…Ejection fraction is simple to calculate; if the left ventricle contains 100 ml of blood at the end of diastole and 40 ml is pumped…

Left ventricular mass and volume (size)

…important parameter in the assessment of ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple mathematical equations…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…Infarction (STEMI) [1] . Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation Standard display of ECG leads in the 12 lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol/L Clearance over time…

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