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Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM…

Spirometry

…determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC. Set aside time, coach actively…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…is tolerated at considerably worse values. Follow the local protocol. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear probe. Sterile clothing: gown, gloves…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

Casting and immobilisation

…the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against the skin, protects against the edges of the cast…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50 mm/s to 100 mm/s (Figure 1)…

Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…while minimizing battery consumption. Amplitudes are normally below 1.5 V and pulse duration (width) is usually set to 0.5 ms. The relationship between…

Exercise stress testing in special patient populations

…exercise tests should not be maximal, which means that the clinician must set a lower goal regarding workload (e.g. reaching 70% of maximal pulse…

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