…patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis…

…is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e.g mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former…

…Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed below) have a 3 year…

…in aortic regurgitation 2D Echocardiography The images are acquired in PLAX (parasternal long axis view) and PSAX (parasternal short axis view), with the valve zoomed…

…free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing…

…history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain the excess coronary risk. Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid intima…

…injury, recent cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal…

…mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points)…

…other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months…

…and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and…