…family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain the excess coronary risk. Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid…

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

…severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement…

…patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis…

…gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of…

…Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever…

…Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis after mitral valve surgery Myxoma obstructing outflow from the left atrium Atrial thrombus obstructing atrial outflow Endocarditis Hemodynamic consequences of…

…loud with the team, not in your head. Functioning suction within reach under the pillow or by the right shoulder. A reservoir mask with a…

…individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…disorders frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal AV block in these individuals can be challenging. A high suspicion of intermittent infrahisian…

…cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral…

…fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to…

…Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in…

…syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract…

…setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus diameter is 4 cm. Severe tricuspid regurgitation results in right ventricular…

…Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome…

…also result in bradycardia with syncope. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. Causes of persisting bradycardia Sinus node…