…defined as a narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. There are many causes of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease…

…the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically…

…s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is virtually always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease…

…mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease is rare in high income countries, presumably because streptococcal infections are treated very liberally. Figure 1 shows the aortic valve…

…The pulmonary, aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the…

…adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a…

…effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic…

…Excess mortality becomes apparent approximately 7–10 years after diagnosis and is associated with persistent disease activity, rheumatoid factor and anti cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies…

…and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion…

…of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis. Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of…

…Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome (may also cause aortic dissection) Trauma Vasculitis, rheumatic diseases…

…ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar…

…injury, recent cervical spine surgery, atlantoaxial instability, severe rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal…

…with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or…

…mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points)…

…of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six…

…and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and…

…The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation…