…arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous thrombosis Valvular heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction The increased cardiovascular burden…

…rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause…

…orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis. Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : The aneurysm may compress the pulmonary outflow. Myxoma…

…effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic…

…prolapse DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy) Ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital mitral regurgitation Amyloidosis SLE Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Rupture of…

…heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries. In low and middle income countries, rheumatic…

…infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle…

…anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal…

…Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome (may also cause aortic dissection) Trauma Vasculitis, rheumatic diseases…

…of the mitral valve orifice. There are many causes of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications…

…cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure…

…four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke; the lifetime risk for a…

…of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible. Severe angina, heart failure or recent myocardial infarction. Red flags — investigate…

…cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction…

…as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis…

…0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute…

…with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or…

…mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points)…