…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders…

…aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis…

…first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a DOAC is the first…

…age of 60 years. Bicuspid aortic valves also increase the risk of aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and endocarditis. Figure 2 shows the normal tricuspid aortic…

…of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis. Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of…

…aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus…

…results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is anatomically divided into three segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment), and A3…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment…

…management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration…

…gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of…

…individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis…