…before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary…

…and screen and the serological crossmatch have a limited period of validity — usually about five days — because new antibodies can form after transfusion or pregnancy…

…recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side…

…medication or dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of…

…valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM…

…rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or systemic embolization…

…thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most cases, a thickening is noted. Table 1 presents the similarities and differences between restrictive cardiomyopathy…

…guidelines recommend restricting routine diagnostic genetic testing in BrS strictly to SCN5A [2] . More recently, the paradigm has shifted toward an oligogenic or polygenic architecture…

…fraction is reduced). Left ventricular diastolic function may be normal or exhibit a restrictive pattern (increased E/A ratio and rapid deceleration time; see Diastolic…

…A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone, but is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or…

…and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact depends not only on effusion volume but also on the rate of fluid accumulation…

…light reflex → the handle and short process of the malleus → the pars flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging)…

…<1 ≥1 ≥1 <1 <1 <1 ARdur – Adur (ms) ≥30 ≤0 ≤0 or ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 AR speed (cm/s) <35 <35 <35 ≥35…