…before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary…

…Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most…

…a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual…

…restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension and with…

…lead to obstruction of the LVOT (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, HOCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of electrophysiological studies (EPS), and the transition from a purely device…

…dominant manner with variable penetrance and expressivity. Autosomal recessive, X linked recessive, and mitochondrial forms occur, albeit less frequently (McNally et al). Screening of family…

…the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive…

…FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging). 6. Where needed, pneumatic otoscopy: a slight change of pressure with the bulb shows…

…restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with…