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Otoscopy and ear syringing

…bearing skin. 5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…rheumatoid arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension…

Spirometry

…investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire…

Echocardiography in cardiomyopathies: an overview

…lead to obstruction of the LVOT (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, HOCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or…

Constrictive pericarditis: definition, causes, diagnosis & echocardiography

…vena cava). In constrictive pericarditis, the E wave velocity varies during inspiration and expiration. The E wave velocity is lower during inspiration. Differential diagnosis: restrictive…

Brugada Syndrome: Diagnosis & SCD Prevention

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…fraction is reduced). Left ventricular diastolic function may be normal or exhibit a restrictive pattern (increased E/A ratio and rapid deceleration time; see Diastolic…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

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