…are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…lead to obstruction of the LVOT (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, HOCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation…

…by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac chambers, with chamber pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has a…

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

…dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension…

…investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire…

…fraction is reduced). Left ventricular diastolic function may be normal or exhibit a restrictive pattern (increased E/A ratio and rapid deceleration time; see Diastolic…

…monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be…

…pars flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging). 6. Where needed, pneumatic otoscopy: a slight change of pressure with the bulb…

…relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2…