…rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or systemic embolization…

…is lower during inspiration. Differential diagnosis: restrictive cardiomyopathy It is important to be able to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy, as a result of…

…recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side…

…to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart…

…mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced…

…medication or dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of…

…or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of…

…valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM…

…guidelines recommend restricting routine diagnostic genetic testing in BrS strictly to SCN5A [2] . More recently, the paradigm has shifted toward an oligogenic or polygenic architecture…

…and screen and the serological crossmatch have a limited period of validity — usually about five days — because new antibodies can form after transfusion or pregnancy…

…carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot…

…light reflex → the handle and short process of the malleus → the pars flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging)…

…<1 ≥1 ≥1 <1 <1 <1 ARdur – Adur (ms) ≥30 ≤0 ≤0 or ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 AR speed (cm/s) <35 <35 <35 ≥35…