…a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure…

…paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac chambers, with chamber pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The…

…in patients with structurally normal hearts [2] . Epidemiologically, BrS is responsible for up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in patients without structural heart disease…

…fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided heart failure…

…cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM ) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, apical ballooning syndrome). Non compaction cardiomyopathy

…restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension and with…

…investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire…

…the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive…

…FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone…

…flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging). 6. Where needed, pneumatic otoscopy: a slight change of pressure with the bulb shows…

…restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with…