…a diagnosis of DCM. Patient characteristics, clinical features, family history and genetic testing are important clues in the investigation. Additional examinations (e.g coronary angiography…

…and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual…

…restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension and with…

…investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most cases, a thickening is noted. Table 1 presents the similarities and differences between restrictive cardiomyopathy…

…fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of electrophysiological studies (EPS), and the transition from a purely device…

…FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging). 6. Where needed, pneumatic otoscopy: a slight change of pressure with the bulb shows…

…restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with…