…1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10…

…a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual…

…causes of pericarditis can result in constrictive pericarditis. In high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are the most common…

…are less common than inherited mutations. Clearly, not all DCM genes have been discovered. Genetic testing for DCM Genetic testing of patients with confirmed or…

…fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of electrophysiological studies (EPS), and the transition from a purely device…

…restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension and with…

…exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment…

…lead to obstruction of the LVOT (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, HOCM). Dilated cardiomyopathy (Dilated Cardiomyopathy, DCM) . Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy / Dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM…

…the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive…

…FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging). 6. Where needed, pneumatic otoscopy: a slight change of pressure with the bulb shows…

…restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with…