… gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried…

…and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart…

…Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the dominant method for assessing left ventricular function (systolic function). It should be noted…

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

…thrombolysis should result in 50% ST segment return (i.e reduction of the ST segment elevation by 50%) within 60 minutes after administration of thrombolysis…

…phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion…

…high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt consideration of an infiltrative cardiomyopathy within the appropriate clinical context. Several patient related factors influence…

…SCAD should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy rather than being regarded solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary…

…These individuals exhibit pronounced hypertrophy, resulting in a reduction of ventricular volume and subsequently an increase in ejection fraction. Stroke volumes are generally reduced in…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

…HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and functional limitation. Evidence of congestion or fluid retention. The presence of precipitating or aggravating conditions…

…The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is often accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output. Although these changes are usually of limited clinical…

…greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and may not follow a classical pattern of stable exertional angina. Vasospastic angina should be…

…Restoration of patency may be particularly relevant when the occluded artery supplies viable myocardium with demonstrable ischaemia. However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction…

…even in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, though those with depressed ejection fraction should receive it with great caution due to the risk of hypotension…

…hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and increased physical activity can improve metabolic control…

…the rest. Support your working hand against the patient's zygoma or the bridge of the nose. 4. Approach tangentially from the periphery , never through…

…tunica adventitia , respectively. Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation…

…to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery…

…with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients…

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

…the left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular…

…visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric filling defects Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the…

…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction in hospitalization for heart failure. Benefits also include…

…leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced, transvalvular flow resistance increases. This results in increased left ventricular load…

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

…in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two of: age ≥ 80…

…induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion, and ejection…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…occlusions; a partial occlusion results in a reduction of coronary blood flow and this causes subendocardial ischemia (i.e ischemia that only affects the subendocardium)…

…reflecting accumulated risk factors, age related reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip …

…rated as 6 or above (according to the 10 point scale) should prompt termination of the stress test (refer to Termination criteria during stress testing)…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering incremental prognostic data beyond perfusion imaging and ECG reaction. Coronary…

…PCI of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended in stable, asymptomatic patients without severe ischaemia. Evaluation and Physical Examination The initial evaluation should…

…LDL C reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily require the larger effect of a…

…A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

Psykiatri Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid summary Alcohol withdrawal occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to…

…ivabradine should be considered to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalisation and cardiovascular death. The recommendation is class IIa, level B. Every effort should…

…this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term essential . However, a growing body of science…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…