…in arteries throughout the circulatory system (Figure 1). The ventricular wall consists of an inner lining (endocardium), a thick muscle layer (myocardium) and an outer…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may…

…first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation…

…to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending artery…

…with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients…

…change (% reduction) in left ventricular diameter during systole. It is considered a poor measure of systolic function; it is only reliable if the left ventricle…

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

…the left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular…

…are robust indicators of successful reperfusion (patent artery). This is also associated with better prognosis, return of R wave amplitudes, and improved left ventricular function…

…the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion…

…visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric filling defects Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the…

…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…high vagal tone. These individuals have developed a highly efficient left ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope…

…These individuals exhibit pronounced hypertrophy, resulting in a reduction of ventricular volume and subsequently an increase in ejection fraction. Stroke volumes are generally reduced in…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction in hospitalization for heart failure. Benefits also include…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

…should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy rather than being regarded solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation…

…leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced, transvalvular flow resistance increases. This results in increased left ventricular load…

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two of: age ≥ 80…

…induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion, and ejection…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…occlusions; a partial occlusion results in a reduction of coronary blood flow and this causes subendocardial ischemia (i.e ischemia that only affects the subendocardium)…

…Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia. Objective evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined as no stenosis exceeding 50% diameter reduction and…

…Restoration of patency may be particularly relevant when the occluded artery supplies viable myocardium with demonstrable ischaemia. However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction…

…The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is often accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output. Although these changes are usually of limited clinical…

…negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging…

…reflecting accumulated risk factors, age related reduction in cardiovascular reserve, and the increasing burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly…

…consequences of diabetes may present through any major cardiovascular phenotype: CAD, including chronic coronary syndromes and acute coronary syndromes HF across the spectrum of left…

…the rest. Support your working hand against the patient's zygoma or the bridge of the nose. 4. Approach tangentially from the periphery , never through…

… gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip …

…integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction:…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering incremental prognostic data beyond perfusion imaging and ECG reaction. Coronary…

…initiation to restoration of coronary flow. Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management…

…LDL C reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily require the larger effect of a…

…A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

Psykiatri Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid summary Alcohol withdrawal occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…body in the ear canal or the nasal cavity must be removed. The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to…

…By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate…

…this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term essential . However, a growing body of science…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…