…always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS …

…requirement is extensive, or if the stimulus threshold (discussed below) is high. When the battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed…

…events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of…

…not be taken to mean that an electronic alert replaces clinical judgement [5]. Recognising sepsis Suspected or confirmed infection together with new organ dysfunction must…

…an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment…

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…closely related to the clinical state during treatment with an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor. Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding…

…myoardial infarction. An important discovery was reported in 1930 when Buchner and colleages showed that myocardial contractility was closely related to myocardial blood flow. This…

…Haemodynamic measurements become interpretable only when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both…

…severe or complicated withdrawal are: 1. A benzodiazepine in a sufficient and repeated dose , titrated against clinical effect. 2. Parenteral thiamine early , preferably before or…

…It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

…Periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) is myocardial necrosis temporally related to coronary revascularization. It may follow percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)…

…artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the…

…a coronary stent or at its margins after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as…

…25–50 per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure, reduce it further. Starting doses in acute pain…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…beats/min. The reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalisation was related to the magnitude of heart rate reduction. Ivabradine…

…Both can improve coronary flow, exercise capacity and angina related health status, and both can reduce myocardial ischaemia during exertion or emotional stress. Neither procedure…

…involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction. Its recognition is clinically important because posterior infarction…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

…150/100 mm Hg on repeated measurements Hypertension requiring at least four antihypertensive drugs despite control Hypertension with spontaneous or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with…

…elevation or an accepted equivalent in the setting of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial…

…pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events…

…frequently in East Asian populations. VA can occur as part of a more generalized vasospastic syndrome with migraine or Raynaud phenomenon. Associations have also been…

…Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events…

…of mitral regurgitation in high income countries is age related degeneration of the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads…

…complexes are seen, with the latter two having similar QRS morphology. These beats may originate from the ventricles or atria. ECG 2. The initial part…

…drugs or repeated ablation procedures should raise suspicion, especially in patients in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or…

…therefore heterogeneous. Irreversibly scarred regions may alternate with viable segments that are dysfunctional because of repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount…

…be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach also improves the technical quality — a relaxed patient is easier to examine. Indications Symptoms: bleeding outside…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key message The distinction that determines management is: is there acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value…

…with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced…

…hypotension or a postural drop tachycardia a cold periphery and delayed capillary refill confusion, drowsiness or syncope oliguria a rising lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in…

…according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other…

…coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a…

…newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often…

…cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective is not simply to establish whether the patient has ACS. It is to determine whether…

…sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the relevant clinical settings or comorbidities. HFrEF is distinguished from heart failure with mildly reduced…

…involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial…

…Identification of exercise related ST segment changes Prognostic and risk stratification information Assessment of response to selected medical, revascularization, rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The…

…formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and its complications—shock, reinfarction…

…abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The…

…Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method for assessing regional myocardial…

…and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors, and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office…

…and progesterone related structural changes in the coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic…

…supplied by the narrowed artery. The principal diagnostic endpoint is a new or worsening regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA) during stress. A fixed abnormality that…