…always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment…

…is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually…

…Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS …

…requirement is extensive, or if the stimulus threshold (discussed below) is high. When the battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed…

…events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of…