…to a heart rhythm specialist. D: Disregard the borderline QTc as it is likely a normal variant. Explanation: If the QTc value is borderline or…

…sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less likely to attain blood pressure treatment goals. Female…

…or secondary to known cardiac conditions; in these patients, symptoms may be challenging to differentiate from normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

…or cannot reach it with the instruments available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling…

…etc. Exercise stress testing may also be referred to as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests…

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

…Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the physical activity ceases…

…pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . An arrhythmia is defined as an abnormal heart rhythm or heart rate…

…interval for the heart rate, and the resulting QT interval is referred to as corrected QT interval, or simply QTc interval. The primary hazard lies…

…For this reason, these ST T changes are referred to as secondary ST T changes. It is actually expected that these conditions display such secondary…

…the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is anatomically divided into three segments referred to as A1 (anterior segment), A2 (middle segment)…

…or diminished exercise tolerance. Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction, the condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…with chronic angina, an anginal equivalent or exertional dyspnoea. Patients may continue to have lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), prompting consideration…

…for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should receive information regarding the conduction of the examination. Some patient engagement is required to obtain all views…

…antiplatelet therapy, including prasugrel, in ACS patients treated with PCI can increase the risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death. Treatment for up to 12…

…are concealed. A recurrent unclear wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment…

…smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers, “very brief advice” can initiate discussion and promote referral to formal cessation support. More intensive, individualized counselling is…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation clinic, and a decision on who will dose during…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…Also, note that bradycardia due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs…

…ability to spontaneously depolarize. Thus, the cells of the sinus node are capable of spontaneously discharging an action potential. This ability is referred to as…

…intervals according to the local protocol or the on call coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs. Reversal in…

…is called the PR segment. The PR segment is the baseline (also referred to as reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. Thus…

…is more negative than –30° it is referred to as left axis deviation. The axis is calculated (to the nearest degree) by the ECG machine…

…is more negative than –30° it is referred to as left axis deviation. The axis is calculated (to the nearest degree) by the ECG machine…

…of which waves are visible, the wave(s) that reflect ventricular depolarization is always referred to as the QRS complex . Naming of the waves in…

…along their long axis. This cell architecture is referred to as a syncytium , which implies that the entire network of cells functions as one unit…

…several electrodes. The standard ECG – which is referred to as a 12 lead ECG since it includes 12 leads – is obtained using 10 electrodes. These…

…also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic…

…do occur after an ischemic episode, and these T wave inversions are referred to as post ischemic T waves . Such T waves are seen after…

…atrioventricular node. The PR segment serves as the baseline (also referred to as the reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude…

…also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic…

…as compared to other etiologies and presentations. Asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) often have other etiologists, but are also seen in ischemia or infarction…

…This format of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing standard in Sweden for over…

…syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity…

…hypercalcemia and hypothermia The J wave – also referred to as Osborn's wave – is defined as a wave occurring at the J point ( Figure 1…

Conduction defects ECG Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior fascicular block & left posterior fascicular block Fascicular blocks were previously referred to as hemiblocks, but the latter…

…also referred to as 1st degree AV block, AV block I, or AV block 1. Before proceeding, it is recommended to review the basic concepts…

…beats): ECG and clinical implications Premature ventricular complexes are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes …

…syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris , has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical entity…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…designated as the posterolateral wall, but it may also be referred to as the posterior wall, or the inferobasal wall. Transmural ischemia located in this…

…and dilatation) Cardiac chamber enlargement refers to abnormally large atria or abnormally large ventricles. These conditions are referred to as atrial enlargement and ventricular enlargement…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…a gradual exhausting of the conduction before it is completely blocked, is referred to as Wenckebach phenomenon (also referred to as Wenckebach periodicity ). Figure 2…

…will differ from the emitted sound waves. The change in frequency is referred to as the Doppler effect . The Doppler effect was first described in…

…arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as…

…wider and deeper than normally occurring Q waves, and they are referred to as pathological Q waves. They typically emerge between 6 and 16 hours…

…or near, the atrioventricular (AV) node. The most common rhythm arising in the AV node is junctional rhythm , which may also be referred to as…

…several studies have shown that the majority of patients inappropriately referred to the catheterization laboratory with suspicion of STEMI (STE ACS) have left bundle branch…

…NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA), which are collectively referred to as NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes) . This chapter deals with the pathophysiology…

…is the same. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . Hence…

…occur right before the QRS complexes. This scenario, which is referred to as isoarrhythmic AV block , may even simulatesinus rhythm. Third degree AV block causes…

…expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly…

…inhibition of the pacemaker in the latter chamber. This type of oversensing is referred to as pacemaker crosstalk . Oversensing may also occur when the ventricular…

…tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias , because these tachyarrhythmias originate in the atria (hence "supraventricular") and they tend to be paroxysmal…

…and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle. Such systems are referred to as single chamber systems . Nowadays…

…sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes…