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Quiz: ECG in athletes

…to a heart rhythm specialist. D: Disregard the borderline QTc as it is likely a normal variant. Explanation: If the QTc value is borderline or…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less likely to attain blood pressure treatment goals. Female…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…or secondary to known cardiac conditions; in these patients, symptoms may be challenging to differentiate from normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…or cannot reach it with the instruments available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling…

Introduction to exercise stress testing (treadmill test, exercise ECG)

…etc. Exercise stress testing may also be referred to as exercise ECG or exercise tolerance test . Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension…

Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

…Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the physical activity ceases…

Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

…pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . An arrhythmia is defined as an abnormal heart rhythm or heart rate…

Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes

…interval for the heart rate, and the resulting QT interval is referred to as corrected QT interval, or simply QTc interval. The primary hazard lies…

ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…For this reason, these ST T changes are referred to as secondary ST T changes. It is actually expected that these conditions display such secondary…

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