Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

…uncertainty in the recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care…

…and the quality of tissue level perfusion after epicardial flow is restored. Microvascular obstruction may persist despite successful PCI because of endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte and…

…in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had significantly higher mortality and MACE rates compared to those with low scores. Monitor Quality of Care…

…Dr Rob Mac Sweeney's superb website which is a must for anyone interested in critical care medicine. Content is evidence based, comprehensive and qualitative…

… irrigate under pressure through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the…

…primary care personnel and home visits may reduce rehospitalization for recurrent ischaemia and infarction. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Cardiac rehabilitation is initiated in patients recovering…

…be initiated. In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…many laboratories and spirometers still use it as a benchmark. 6. A maximal inspiration back to TLC to close the flow volume loop — the in

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but not digital examination until the position of the placenta is known. Recent gynaecological surgery. Preparation and…

…and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore…

…reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart…

…may improve angina and quality of life, but randomized trials have not demonstrated reductions in mortality or myocardial infarction rates. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…quality is expected. It is also an alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in…

…biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. Dietary quality…

…to the CTO is increased when non invasive testing demonstrates significant inducible ischaemia and preserved viability in the myocardial territory supplied by the occluded artery…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…operator dependent and its diagnostic performance is influenced by image quality and local expertise. Clinical Presentation and Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients with…

…quality of CPR, and a prognostic indicator for survival. In the nationwide Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry, 30 days survival in OHCA, in relation to initial…

…the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2 aids in: Assessing ventilation quality. Determining ventilation rate. Verifying the…

…similar to those used in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the left ventricle serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of…

…to improve image quality. Adjusting image depth and zoom Examinations in each echocardiographic view are initialized by identifying an overview image. Starting in the overview…

…As in adults, the x axis represents time (the paper speed is typically 25 mm/s or 50 mm/s) and the y axis represents…

…is important because it maximizes the contact surface between the transducer and the skin. Generous use of gel is recommended. In addition to the gel…

…photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality…

…obtain all views and the best possible image quality. A standard study takes approximately 30 60 minutes. Each examination must be stored in a database…

…necessary to continuously adjust the transducer in order to obtain the best possible image quality. Image optimization and requires experience, patience, and correct instrumentation settings…

…Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG…

…has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal interruptions and early defibrillation are what determine the outcome…

…account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients…

…others present primarily with exertional dyspnoea. Symptoms should be characterized systematically, including: Onset and duration. Location and radiation. Quality and intensity. Precipitating factors, including exertion…

…table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their characteristic pain patterns based on the provided context. Condition Typical Pain Quality/Location Key Modifying Factors Associated…

…diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can…

…multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients, the burden is sufficiently severe to limit ordinary activities and substantially impair quality of life…

…suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably…

…restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference in mortality when comparing rate and rhythm control…

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

…failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by…

…to distinguish three types of sinus tachycardia. These types differ fundamentally in terms of pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. The types of sinus tachycardia are as…

…of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The…