…ACS, AF may be present before the acute event, detected for the first time during its management, or arise during the course of treatment. Even…

…dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately…

…Quality of Care : By providing an objective measure of CAD complexity, the SYNTAX Score helps standardize treatment protocols and improve clinical decision making. Strengths and…

…factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and diabetes care are…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently, this treatment is…

…safe for the rescuer, victim and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of…

…guidelines for emergency medicine (and prehospital medicine). This is high quality medical education simply. Life in the Fast Lane Australian site with one of the…

…The old rule that adrenaline is forbidden on fingers, toes, nose, ears and penis has been abandoned in the modern literature for commercial preparations at…

…bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of…

…Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…and causes prolapse to be underestimated. Offer a chaperone according to local procedure; this is recommended for all examinations of the breasts, the genitalia and…

…and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore…

…for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The…

…extent and complexity of coexisting coronary disease. Renal function, bleeding risk, comorbidities, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic treatment. Whether the patient is suitable for…

…and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when good image quality is expected. It is also an alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for…

…of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and…

…The clinical rationale for CTO PCI is principally the reduction of myocardial ischaemia and improvement of symptoms and quality of life. Restoration of patency may…

…observed below the conventional minimum target. Recommended Activity Volume and Intensity For adults, the principal preventive target is: 150–300 minutes per week of moderate…

…stress Local expertise and adequate echocardiographic facilities are available Risk stratification is required in established or suspected CAD The extent or location of ischaemia needs…

…The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology, duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and a prognostic indicator for survival. In the…

…for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of…

…specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate abnormalities. These tools compare perfusion data to population based reference databases, often adjusted for sex and age…

…image quality. Adjusting image depth and zoom Examinations in each echocardiographic view are initialized by identifying an overview image. Starting in the overview image the…

…and thus reduce the quality of the ECG recording. Moreover, the reason for recording an ECG may itself cause distress. Fortunately, most children (even the…

…image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator, special examination tables are used. These tables are equipped with an opening (cutout), where the ultrasound…

…making it suitable for assessing viability and hibernating myocardium, at the expense of higher radiation exposure and blurrier images. The absence of thallium uptake indicates…

…and it is presented in this section. It is important to follow the recommendations. It increases the quality of the examination, and allows for standardized…

…to obtain the best possible image quality. Image optimization and requires experience, patience, and correct instrumentation settings. Technical aspects of optimization of image quality have…

…times are needed for continued management and quality follow up. STEMI: time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI is the method of choice if…

…not a treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain…

…The term “atypical” is discouraged because it may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation…

…frequently non classical. Contemporary clinical populations include only a minority with symptoms having all of the traditional aggravating and relieving characteristics of angina; many patients…

…of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their characteristic pain patterns based on the provided context. Condition Typical Pain Quality…

…abnormal vasoconstriction of coronary arterioles. Structural and functional mechanisms may coexist. The formal diagnostic construct for MVA incorporates four components: Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia…

…because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients…

…maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC), the midbrain may receive enough oxygen to preserve some pupillary reflex. Importantly, pupillary size and…

…Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i.e statistical models in which adjustment has been made for confounders) individuals with atrial…

…improve quality of life, reduce hospitalizations, and reduce the risk of sudden death. According to the American Heart Association (ACA) and the European Society for…

…improve quality of life, reduce hospitalizations, and reduce the risk of sudden death. According to the American Heart Association (ACA) and the European Society for…

…presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of life substantially. The management of sinus tachycardia is aimed at finding…

…can be calculated using the same principle as for the aorta ( i.e the product of the area and VTI). Although the continuity equation is…