…if the initial rhythm is asystole or PEA. Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In…

…is maintained for 20 consecutive minutes, without the need for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…patients with high scores had significantly higher mortality and MACE rates compared to those with low scores. Monitor Quality of Care : By providing an objective…

…treat (NNT) for interventions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AED = automatic external defibrillator. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is the number of patients you need…

…Among patients with a very high probability of endocarditis, the sensitivity and specificity of the examination will increase, and vice versa. In case of suspicion…

…ECG interpretation. Diabetes Education for individuals with diabetes. Rebel EM Rebel EM is a high quality emergency medicine blog covering a myriad of topics, primarily…

…diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for…

…in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example…

…Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal…

…initial test for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or no previous diagnosis of CAD Characteristics suggesting that good quality imaging is…

…platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. Dietary quality also affects…

…with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are an important reason that patients are referred for…

…Exercise Intensity Intensity may be prescribed using several complementary approaches. Heart rate based methods For patients with cardiovascular disease, dynamic aerobic exercise may be prescrib

…performance is influenced by image quality and local expertise. Clinical Presentation and Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients with suspected or known CAD when…

…In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or…

…end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is…

…flow under baseline conditions. Raw Image Analysis : Raw images are reviewed to identify potential artifacts, extracardiac tracer activity, and assess image quality and patient motion…

…the amount of gain as the depth increases; this compensates for the attenuation that occurs with increasing depth. TGC is adjusted using multiple controls that…

…trunk, which may cause disturbances and thus reduce the quality of the ECG recording. Moreover, the reason for recording an ECG may itself cause distress…

…the best possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator, special examination tables are used. These tables are equipped with an opening (cutout…

…Tetrofosmin): With a six hour half life allowing high doses for better image quality. this tracer diffuses passively into cardiomyocytes, binding to mitochondria, with minimal…

…important to follow the recommendations. It increases the quality of the examination, and allows for standardized comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during…

…position, provided that the patient is able to assume this position. The subcostal and suprasternal windows are obtained with the patient in the supine position…

…thrombolysis and PCI wire crossing. Exact times are needed for continued management and quality follow up. STEMI: time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI…

…No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal interruptions and early defibrillation are what determine…

…is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history…

…in older adults with markedly limited physical activity. Traditional labels such as “typical” and “atypical” angina have limited value, particularly in patients with microvascular dysfunction…

…Condition Typical Pain Quality/Location Key Modifying Factors Associated Physical/Clinical Clues ACS/Myocardial Ischemia Substernal discomfort, pressure, tightness, or heaviness [7]. Worsens with exertion…

…patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality…

…the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances…

…sensitivity of 72.2% for predicting an unfavorable neurological outcome, indicating that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery…

…mortality and improve quality of life. These approaches are discussed further below. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation Approximately 25% of all individuals with atrial fibrillation are…

…heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of life. Approximately half of all patients with heart failure die suddenly…

…heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of life. Approximately half of all patients with heart failure die suddenly…

…of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Although there are no evidence based treatments for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, patients frequently benefit from obtaining a diagnosis, because it justifies…

…that the velocity of blood is inversely related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa …