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Otoscopy and ear syringing

…and the best view. Irrigation: a 30–60 mL syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure limitation, body temperature…

Casting and immobilisation

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…pressure of the two arms. Each leg gets its own index. ABI = highest ankle pressure in that leg ÷ highest arm pressure of the two…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…of the soft part, and lets go after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each step presupposes that the previous…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…the setting of hypoxia. Myocardium ceases contracting immediately when becoming hypoxic, a phenomenon referred to as myocardial stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…by the fact that the sickest patients are more often intubated [4]. Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…that the muscle could be preconditioned (acclimatized, adapted) to ischemia from a distance. It was, and still is, suggested that ischemic myocardium secretes protective substances…

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

…likely reflecting the catabolic state of advanced HF (cardiac cachexia) rather than a protective effect of adiposity. Etiology and underlying causes The etiology of HFrEF…

Edrophonium test

…to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma…

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