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Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…stockings. Avoid measuring the arm pressure on the side with a dialysis fistula, lymphoedema after axillary clearance or a recently inserted venous port. Procedure 1…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

Care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

Nasogastric tube

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…stenosis is an atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid arteries. It forms part of multisite artery disease, defined as atherosclerosis affecting at least two vascular beds…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG interpretation. The electrical axis reflects the average…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

Courses
The Normal ECG: From Normality to Pathology

In the second part of the course you will learn all about the normal ECG, normal variants and diagnosis of pathological findings. A total of…

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