…over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An…

…stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not…

…With a glass injury: consider radiography, since glass is usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or…

…Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be visible, but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot…

…promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim…

…select a safe disposition and diagnostic strategy. Only a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5…

…is pain free lying still but screams when turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of…

…unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose During ongoing opioid treatment: a breakthrough dose of…

…Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain…

…meal? Symptoms provoked by (or after a period of) stress? Symptoms related to body position or respiration? Ischemic chest pain is usually described as pressure…