…With a glass injury: consider radiography, since glass is usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or…

…Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be visible, but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot…

…promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim…

…stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not…

…over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An…

…The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes…

…is pain free lying still but screams when turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of…

…unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose During ongoing opioid treatment: a breakthrough dose of…

…is often indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other Systemic/Local…

…coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain…