…the basis of percussion and a chest radiograph alone belongs to an earlier era. The needle is inserted close to the upper border of the…

…With a glass injury: consider radiography, since glass is usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or…

…Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be visible, but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot…

…promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim…

…over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…per cent and titrate. At a high dose, in old age or in renal failure, reduce it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an…

…and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate it from angina pectoris [5]. 5. Pulmonary Hypertension Pain…

…threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Note that unstable angina pectoris and acute…