…patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly threatened limb in which reduction cannot wait. A radiograph after reduction is always…

…of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal…

…the basis of percussion and a chest radiograph alone belongs to an earlier era. The needle is inserted close to the upper border of the…

…over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An…

…Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be visible, but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…50 mg of oral morphine per day. Patches have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset…

…and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate it from angina pectoris [5]. 5. Pulmonary Hypertension Pain…

…threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Note that unstable angina pectoris and acute…