…both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation…

…subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal pathology: tumour, abscess, marked swelling…

…epistaxis Relative Oesophageal stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull…

…where you practise. Initial management of all poisonings ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A Assess the airway, the pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting and secretions. Suction and…

…Advance the electrode at the very moment the patient swallows — the pharyngeal muscles then guide the tip into the oesophagus rather than into the trachea…

…or polyps. Examination of the posterior pharyngeal wall may reveal secretions or a cobblestoned appearance of the mucosa. Laryngoscopy may be performed to assess for…