…and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment…

…This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation…

…and the P waves typically have a notch on the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to…

…cut off for chronotropic incompetence is 80% (i.e less than 80% diagnoses chronotropic incompetence) Management of chronotropic incompetence Treatment of chronotropic incompetence and other…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration) Aberrant conduction is not a mechanism of arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is…

…myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated…

…between 45° and 90°. The QRS duration will be slightly prolonged (the prolongation ranges between 0.01 to 0.04 seconds). ECG criteria for left…

…successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease…

…umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked…

Procedurer An abscess is emptied, not treated away. Incision and drainage is the treatment; antibiotics are normally neither necessary nor sufficient in an uncomplicated cutaneous…

…person and the probability is around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and…

…of kin understand and accept the basis for the decision to withdraw treatment. If there is conflict about that decision, DCD must not be raised…

…Treatment with correction doses alone according to the glucose value, without basal insulin (a so called sliding scale), gives poorer control and is not recommended…

…the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for…

…not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and…

…II and V1. If P wave not clearly visible: look for retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and…

…Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily…

…ACLS is more advanced and costly than the interventions available in BLS, the number needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much…

…the person breathe? Look for respiratory signs for 10 seconds. Palpation of pulses : carotid, femoral or radial artery. According to current guidelines, laypeople do not…

CPR Data sources for monitoring cardiac arrest and resuscitation There are currently several large registries monitoring resuscitation practices. Some data sources also monitor sudden cardiac…

…and V1. If P wave is not clearly visible: look for retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and…

…2 RR intervals). This is explained by the fact that the premature ventricular impulse does not discharge and reset the sinoatrial node, which will therefore…

…bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of…

…Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It is generally not a normal finding among older individuals…

…used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and does not delay treatment Saturation Give oxygen in hypoxia, not…

…immediate treatment is required Level 3, severe hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level…

…becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment…

…characteristics to predict clinical outcomes and aid in personalized treatment decisions. The SYNTAX Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to…

…substantial atherosclerotic burden but does not, by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is…

…heavy, and the person is very tired. 18 19 Extremely hard exertion For most people this is the most strenuous exercise they have ever experienced…

…occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently disruption of cellular metabolism. In case of ischemia…

…for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival. Several actions must be executed systematically and…

…Treatment of ventricular fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation is treated according to the resuscitation algorithm. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death For details regarding sudden cardiac arrest…