…and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment…

…This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation…

…and the P waves typically have a notch on the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to…

…cut off for chronotropic incompetence is 80% (i.e less than 80% diagnoses chronotropic incompetence) Management of chronotropic incompetence Treatment of chronotropic incompetence and other…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration) Aberrant conduction is not a mechanism of arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is…

…myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated…

…between 45° and 90°. The QRS duration will be slightly prolonged (the prolongation ranges between 0.01 to 0.04 seconds). ECG criteria for left…

…successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease…

…umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked…