…showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…minute At least 110 per minute Bradycardia or arrhythmia PEF Over 50 percent of personal best or predicted 33 to 50 percent Under 33 percent…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total brain infarction is judged…

…but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat, skin, perianal region…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary…

…Surgeon or mammography Sole of the foot Deep compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD…

…occlusions of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of…

…common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

…inpatient : : Metformin Stop in acute kidney injury, hypoxia, shock, before contrast studies and before surgery. A risk of lactic acidosis SGLT2 inhibitor Stop in acute…

…cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration…

…the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients…

…be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health. Spreading activity across the week may reduce musculoskeletal injury risk…

…remains unknown ( Guildner et al ). Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should…

…Intervention Included in BLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest Yes 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR Yes 15 Hasselqvist…

…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…The ECG grid. The x axis represents time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid…

…ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Frequent premature beats…

…ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Ventricular premature…

…The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of hypoxic neuronal cell death stems…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…tremor palpitations hunger anxiety pallor paraesthesiae Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred…

…V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2…

…Exercise training can reverse deconditioning and increase functional capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling…

…However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…and ECG changes. Although the risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must be…

…the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis…

…form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is…

…for adequate (high) dosing of rate controlling drugs (e.g beta blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should…

…STEMI The diagnosis is straightforward using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity…

…1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is within the reach of bystanders, first responders and the EMS. Unfortunately, several…

…an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease…