…showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…minute At least 110 per minute Bradycardia or arrhythmia PEF Over 50 percent of personal best or predicted 33 to 50 percent Under 33 percent…

…It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation and another the reduction…

…The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in…

…but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat, skin, perianal region…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary…

…and tendon sheaths, loss of function Orthopaedic or hand surgeon, urgently Perianal and perirectal Often larger than it appears; risk of fistula Surgeon, often operative…

…1.0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity…

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD…

…Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age…

…Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of…

…the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the…

…impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or wide QRS complexes…

…and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in approximately 80–90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries, involved in…

…skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may…

…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…All atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked by the atrioventricular node. An escape rhythm arises (cardiac arrest ensues otherwise), which may have narrow or w

…The ECG grid. The x axis represents time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid…

…ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Frequent premature beats…

…ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Ventricular premature…

…occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation). These estimates should…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…Resolution of the symptoms when the glucose is normalised [3]. A healthy person without diabetes therefore does not normally need investigation on the basis of…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…Resting left ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac rehabilitation addresses these determinants indirectly…

…However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch…

…These assays, referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible…

…RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…and ECG changes. Although the risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must be…

…the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…diminished). Chronotropic incompetence (inability of the sinoatrial node to adequately increase its automaticity during physical activity). Sinus arrest & sinus pause (intermittent failures to discharge impulses)…

…STEMI The diagnosis is straightforward using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity…

…ACC). The chain of survival EARLY RECOGNITION OF CARDIAC ARREST If no medical professional is nearby, bystanders must respond immediately by summoning help (calling the…

…ventricular depolarizations, rendering the left ventricle incapable of generating effective contractions. This results in circulatory collapse, loss of consciousness, and sudden cardiac arrest. Unlike ventricular…