…showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease…

…not wait for the blood gas result before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point:…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment — contact an…

…of medical suitability is made by the transplant team. Never rule out a possible donor on your own on grounds of age or medical history…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…aid in personalized treatment decisions. The SYNTAX Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD…

…somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial triangle of the face or perianally. Indications Fluctuant…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…year risk of ≥10% is considered sufficiently high to support BP lowering treatment, whether through lifestyle intervention, pharmacological therapy, or both. A person may also…

…risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In…

…among persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other…

…less than 80% diagnoses chronotropic incompetence) Management of chronotropic incompetence Treatment of chronotropic incompetence and other bradyarrhythmias are discussed in the chapter Treatment of bradyarrhythmias.

…insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation. Stopping it leads to ketoacidosis within hours. Treatment with correction…

…cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration…

…the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible for recording the…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is a central component of cardiovascular prevention and treatment…

…Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist…

…treatment of life threatening conditions or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided by laymen, EMTs (emergency medical…

…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is classified as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) . Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with narrow…

…Fortunately, most children (even the youngest) can be distracted by a parent or other personnel. Distracting the child during ECG recording may be recommended to…

…ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Frequent premature beats…

…a premature ventricular contraction. Classification of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is…

…The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of hypoxic neuronal cell death stems…

…arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It is generally not a normal…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…the sample and send a venous plasma glucose, but do not delay treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and…

…at least one of the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias…

…medical surveillance, and appropriate pharmacological treatment. After myocardial infarction, rehabilitation aims to: Restore and improve functional capacity Reduce disability and rehospitalization Improve quality of life…

…However, left bundle branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person…

…fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1…

…and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the test must be formally trained to assess cardiovascular response, symptoms, and ECG changes. Although the risk of cardiac…

…successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…tachycardia. Treatment of sick sinus syndrome and bradycardia in general Sick sinus syndrome is, if caused by irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment…

…STEMI The diagnosis is straightforward using the electrocardiogram (ECG). Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity…

…the emergency dispatcher will instruct the person via telephone (referred to as telephone CPR ). Everyone in the emergency medical service (EMS) is trained in BLS…

…an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease…