…of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and…

…block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD…

…a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification, pericardial thickening, valvular calcification, and, in…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…donation. The person's wishes are established in this order: 1. The donation register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, checked…

…good effect in anterior bleeding. Raise the chair so that the patient's nose is at your eye level. The patient sits upright and tilts…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…and aid in personalized treatment decisions. The SYNTAX Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of…

…and the abscess sits somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial triangle of the face…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…In apparently healthy individuals, SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP estimates can be used to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of…

…80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a…

…flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic…

…predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia in a patient who is eating poorly. Consider stopping it GLP 1 receptor agonist It can cause nausea and delayed gastric…

…team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation, never intubation in itself — and every difficult airway algorithm is…

…delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before…

…QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block…

…and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in approximately 80–90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries, involved in…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11…

…to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest…

…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block…

…recording in children Pediatric patients frequently have difficulties being still during clinical examinations. The youngest children often display spontaneous movements of limbs, neck and trunk…

…will be depolarized in the opposite direction and thus generate a negative (retrograde) P wave (Figure 2). Thus, the P wave morphology of premature atrial…

…because the impulse is discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS…

…recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person…

…dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the breath, it is likely that the arrhythmia is benign…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes…

…V7, V8 and V9 in patients with high suspicion of posterior acute myocardial infarction (e.g due to reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1, V2…

…and mortality The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in…

…block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one…

…die and the cell membranes collapse whereby cellular proteins are released into the circulation. It is possible to detect elevated levels of myocardial proteins in…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…III and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of…

…symptoms, and ECG changes. Although the risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must…

…most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, lipids and acellular…

…benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person…

…beta blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should receive an artificial pacemaker to reduce symptoms and increase function…

…capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of EMS personnel in detecting…

…determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are…

…hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows irregular waves with…